Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. It can be caused by various factors, including stress, anxiety, medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle choices. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication are commonly used to treat insomnia.

Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea, which occurs when the muscles in the back of the throat fail to keep the airway open. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is often used to treat sleep apnea.

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy often experience excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and vivid hallucinations upon falling asleep or waking up.

RLS is characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. These symptoms tend to worsen during periods of rest and can lead to difficulty falling asleep.

PLMD involves involuntary leg movements during sleep, usually in the form of repetitive jerking or flexing movements. These movements can disrupt sleep and lead to daytime fatigue.

Circadian rhythm disorders involve disruptions in the body’s internal clock, leading to sleep problems. Conditions like shift work disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, and advanced sleep phase disorder are examples of circadian rhythm disorders.

Parasomnias are abnormal behaviors or experiences that occur during sleep. This category includes sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder, where individuals physically act out their dreams.

Hypersomnia is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, often leading to prolonged daytime naps. It can be caused by various underlying medical conditions.

Bruxism is the habit of grinding or clenching teeth, usually during sleep. It can lead to dental problems and jaw discomfort.

This category includes disorders like periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS), where abnormal movements during sleep disrupt the sleep cycle.